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Hippocratic Oath



Introduction:
The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine. It is widely believed that the oath was written by Hippocrates, the father of medicine, in the 4th century BC, or by one of his students. It is thus usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine. Although mostly of historical and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine, although it is not obligatory and no longer taken up by all physicians.

The original oath[In the original Greek,it reads]
Αρχαίο κείμενο
1. ΟΜΝΥΜΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΑ ΙΗΤΡΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΥΓΕΙΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΑΚΕΙΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΟΥΣ ΠΑΝΤΑΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΣΑΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΑΣ ΠΟΙΟΥΜΕΝΟΣ , ΕΠΙΤΕΛΕΑ ΠΟΙΗΣΕΙΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΔΥΝΑΜΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΡΙΣΙΝ ΕΜΗΝ ΟΡΚΟΝ ΤΟΝΔΕ.

2. ΗΓΗΣΕΣΘΑΙ ΜΕΝ ΤΟΝ ΔΙΔΑΞΑΝΤΑ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΤΕΧΝΗΝ ΤΑΥΤΗΝ ΙΣΑ ΓΕΝΕΤΗΣΙΝ ΕΜΟΙΣΙ, ΚΑΙ ΒΙΟΥ ΚΟΙΝΩΣΕΣΘΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΕΩΝ ΧΡΗΖΟΝΤΙ ΜΕΤΑΔΟΣΙΝ ΠΟΙΗΣΕΣΘΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΝΟΣ ΤΟ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΑΔΕΛΦΕΟΙΣ ΙΣΟΝ ΕΠΙΚΡΙΝΕΕΙΝ ΑΡΡΕΣΙ, ΚΑΙ ΔΙΔΑΞΕΙΝ ΤΗΝ ΤΕΧΝΗΝ ΤΑΥΤΗΝ, ΗΝ ΧΡΗΙΖΩΣΙ ΜΑΝΘΑΝΕΙΝ, ΑΝΕΥ ΜΙΣΘΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΞΥΓΓΡΑΦΗΣ.

3. ΠΑΡΑΓΓΕΛΙΗΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΚΡΟΗΣΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΛΟΙΠΗΣ ΑΠΑΣΗΣ ΜΑΘΗΣΙΟΣ ΜΕΤΑΔΟΣΙΝ ΠΟΙΗΣΕΣΘΑΙ ΥΙΟΙΣΙ ΤΕ ΕΜΟΙΣΙ ΚΙΑ ΤΟΙΣΙ ΤΟΥ ΕΜΕ ΔΙΔΑΞΑΝΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΑΘΗΤΑΙΣΙ ΣΥΓΓΕΓΡΑΜΜΕΝΟΙΣΙ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΩΡΚΙΣΜΕΝΟΙΣ ΝΟΜΩ ΙΗΤΡΙΚΩ ΑΛΛΩ ΔΕ ΟΥΔΕΝΙ.

4. ΔΙΑΙΤΗΜΑΣΙ ΤΕ ΧΡΗΖΟΜΑΙ ΕΠ'ΩΦΕΛΕΙΗ ΚΑΜΝΟΝΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΔΥΝΑΜΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΡΙΣΙΝ ΕΜΗΝ, ΕΠΙ ΔΗΛΗΣΕΙ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΔΙΚΙΗ ΕΙΡΞΕΙΝ.

5. ΟΥ ΔΩΣΩ ΔΕ ΟΥΔΕ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟΝ ΟΥΔΕΝΙ ΑΙΤΗΘΕΙΣ ΘΑΝΑΣΙΜΟΝ, ΟΥΔΕ ΥΦΗΓΗΣΟΜΑΙ ΞΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΗΝ ΤΟΙΗΝ ΔΕ ΟΜΟΙΩΣ ΔΕ ΟΥΔΕ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΙ ΠΕΣΣΟΝ ΦΘΟΡΙΟΝ ΔΩΣΩ.

6. ΑΓΝΩΣ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΟΣΙΩΣ ΔΙΑΤΗΡΗΣΩ ΒΙΟΝ ΤΟΝ ΕΜΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΗΝ ΤΗΝ ΕΜΗΝ.

7. ΟΥ ΤΕΜΕΩ ΔΕ ΟΥΔΕ ΜΗΝ ΛΙΘΙΩΝΤΑΣ , ΕΚΧΩΡΗΣΩ ΔΕ ΕΡΓΑΤΗΣΙΝ ΑΔΡΑΣΙΝ ΠΡΗΞΙΟΣ ΤΗΣΔΕ.

8. ΕΣ ΟΙΚΙΑΣ ΔΕ ΟΚΟΣΑΣ ΑΝ ΕΣΙΩ, ΕΣΕΛΕΥΣΟΜΑΙ ΕΠ' ΩΦΕΛΕΙΗ ΚΑΜΝΟΝΤΩΝ, ΕΚΤΟΣ ΕΩΝ ΠΑΣΗΣ ΑΔΙΚΙΗΣ ΕΚΟΥΣΙΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΘΟΡΙΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΤΕ ΑΛΛΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΦΡΟΔΙΣΙΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΤΕ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΕΙΩΝ ΣΩΜΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΔΡΕΙΩΝ , ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΝ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΔΟΥΛΩΝ.

9. Α Δ'ΑΝ ΕΝ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΗ Η ΙΔΩ Η ΑΚΟΥΣΩ , Η ΚΑΙ ΑΝΕΥ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΗΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΒΙΟΝ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΩΝ , Α ΜΗ ΧΡΗΠΟΤΕ ΕΓΚΑΛΕΣΘΑΙ ΕΞΩ , ΣΙΓΗΣΟΜΑΙ, ΑΡΡΗΤΑ ΗΓΕΥΜΕΝΟΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΟΙΑΥΤΑ.

10. ΟΡΚΟΝ ΕΝ ΟΥΝ ΜΟΙ ΤΟΝΔΕ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΕΑ ΠΟΙΕΟΝΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΜΗ ΞΥΓΧΕΟΝΤΙ ΕΙΗ ΕΠΑΥΡΑΣΘΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΒΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ, ΔΟΞΑΖΟΜΕΝΩ ΠΑΡΑ ΠΑΣΙΝ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΙΣ ΕΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΙΕΙ ΧΡΟΝΟΝ, ΠΑΡΑΒΑΙΝΟΝΤΙ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΟΡΚΕΟΝΤΙ, ΤΑΝΑΝΤΙΑ ΤΟΥΤΕΩΝ.


[Επεξεργασία] Νεοελληνικό κείμενο
Ορκίζομαι στον Απόλλωνα τον ιατρό και στον Ασκληπιό και στην Υγεία και στην Πανάκεια και σ’ όλους τους θεούς και τις θεές, που βάζω μάρτυρες, ότι θα εκπληρώσω τον όρκο μου αυτό και το συμβόλαιο αυτό, σύμφωνα με τη δύναμη μου και την κρίση μου. Ότι θα θεωρώ εκείνον που μου δίδαξε την τέχνη αυτή ίσο με τους γονείς μου, και θα τον κάνω κοινωνικό του βίου μου, και θα του προσφέρω από τα δικά μου ό,τι χρειάζεται. Τους απογόνους του θα θεωρώ ως αδελφούς μου και θα τους διδάξω την τέχνη αυτή, αν επιθυμούν να μάθουν, χωρίς μισθό και χωρίς συμφωνία. Ότι θα μεταδώσω τους επαγγελματικούς κανόνες, τα θεωρητικά μαθήματα και τις υπόλοιπες κάθε είδους ασκήσεις στους γιους μου, στους γιους του διδασκάλου μου, και σε μαθητές που έχουν συνδεθεί μαζί μου με όρκο και συμβόλαιο, κατά τη συνήθεια των ιατρών, και σε κανένα άλλο. Θα χρησιμοποιήσω τη θεραπευτική δίαιτα μόνο για ωφέλεια των αρρώστων, όσο εξαρτάται από τη δύναμη και την κρίση μου, και (υπόσχομαι ότι) θα τους παραφυλάξω από κάθε βλάβη και αδικία. Δεν θα χορηγήσω θανατηφόρο φάρμακο σε κανένα, όσο και αν παρακληθώ, ούτε θα υποδείξω τέτοια συμβουλή. Επίσης δεν θα δώσω σε γυναίκα φάρμακο εκτρωτικό. Αγνή και καθαρή θα διατηρήσω τη ζωή μου και την τέχνη μου. Δεν θα χειρουργήσω οπωσδήποτε αυτούς που πάσχουν από πέτρα, αλλά θα αφήσω την πράξη αυτή στους εξασκημένους. Σε όσα σπίτια προσκαλούμαι, θα μπαίνω για το καλό των αρρώστων, κρατώντας τον εαυτό μου μακριά από κάθε θεληματική αδικία ή διαφθορά και προ πάντων μακριά από κάθε αφροδισιακή πράξη σε σώματα γυναικών και ανδρών, ελευθέρων ή δούλων. Όσα Δε κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας θα δω ή θα ακούσω, ή και πέρα από τις ασχολίες μου, στην καθημερινή ζωή, όσα δεν πρέπει ποτέ να κοινολογούνται στους έξω, θα τα αποσιωπώ, θεωρώντας ότι αυτά είναι ιερά μυστικά. Όσο λοιπόν θα τηρώ τον όρκο μου αυτό και δεν θα τον παραβιάζω, είθε να πετυχαίνω στη ζωή και στην τέχνη μου, έχοντας καλό όνομα ανάμεσα στους ανθρώπους. Εάν όμως τον παραβώ και γίνω επίορκος, να πάθω τα αντίθετα.




Original, translated from Greek


I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath.

To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art.

I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.

To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.

Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion.

But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.

In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.

All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.

If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.


The classical oath

A Nova translation of the Oath runs as follows:

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepios and Hygeia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.

If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.


Modern relevance

Several parts of the oath have been removed or re-shaped over the years in various countries, schools, and societies as the social, religious, and political importance of medicine has changed. Most schools administer some form of oath, but the great majority no longer use the ancient version, which forbade general practitioners from surgery, abortion, and euthanasia. Also missing from the ancient Oath and from many modern versions are the complex ethical issues that face the modern physician.

Changed portions of the oath:

1. To teach medicine to the sons of my teacher. In the past, medical schools would give preferential consideration to the children of physicians.
2. To practice and prescribe to the best of my ability for the good of my patients, and to try to avoid harming them. This beneficial intention is the purpose of the physician. However, this item is still invoked in the modern discussions of euthanasia.
3. Never to do deliberate harm to anyone for anyone else's interest. Physician organizations in most countries have strongly denounced physician participation in legal executions. However, in a small number of cases, most notably Oregon[3] and the Netherlands[4], a doctor can perform euthanasia, by both his and the patient's consent.
4. To avoid violating the morals of my community. Many licensing agencies will revoke a physician's license for offending the morals of the community ("moral turpitude").
5. To avoid attempting to do things that other specialists can do better. The "stones" referred to are kidney stones or bladder stones, removal of which was judged too menial for physicians, and therefore was left for barbers (the forerunners of modern surgeons). Surgery was not recognized as a specialty at that time. This sentence is now interpreted as acknowledging that it is impossible for any single physician to maintain expertise in all areas. It also highlights the different historical origins of the surgeon and the physician.
6. To keep the good of the patient as the highest priority. There may be other conflicting 'good purposes,' such as community welfare, conserving economic resources, supporting the criminal justice system, or simply making money for the physician or his employer that provide recurring challenges to physicians.
7. To avoid sexual relationships or other inappropriate entanglements with patients and families. The value of avoiding conflicts of interest, and the misuse of the superior position of the physician for self gratification, are not often questioned.

Modern versions and alternatives

A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned by Dr. Louis Lasagna, former Dean of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences of Tufts University.[5]

In the 1970s, cultural and social forces induced many American medical schools to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically up to date, or an alternate pledge like the Oath or Prayer of Maimonides.

The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[6] and Good Medical Practice[7] statements.

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